Patient must be 18 to 75 years of age

Patient must have an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0-2

Patient must have histologically proven peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) in one of the following categories:
* Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) ALK-negative
* Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL)
* Nodal PTCL with follicular helper T cell (TFH) phenotype
* Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS)

Patient must have undergone induction treatment with an anthracycline based chemotherapy.
* NOTE: Patients who discontinued anthracycline during treatment are eligible as long as they received at least one dose and achieved complete remission

Patient must have achieved radiologic complete remission following induction therapy as defined by the Lugano criteria with a Deauville score between 1-3 by PET-CT
* NOTE: There is no central review required. Confirmation of complete remission status is determined by the enrolling institution’s review
* NOTE: If a patient had a positive bone marrow biopsy at the time of initial diagnosis (pre-induction), a repeat biopsy must be completed post induction to confirm complete remission (CR)

Patient must be eligible for high dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) per the enrolling institutional guidelines at the transplant center and be ready to proceed with ASCT if randomized to the ASCT arm

Patient must not have active infection requiring intravenous systemic antimicrobial at time of randomization. Antibiotic prophylaxis is acceptable as long as the dose of the medication has been stable for at least 7 days prior to randomization

Patients with a prior or concurrent malignancy whose natural history or treatment does not have the potential to interfere with the safety or efficacy assessment of the investigational regimen are eligible for this trial

Patient must not be pregnant or breast-feeding due to the potential harm to an unborn fetus and possible risk for adverse events in nursing infants with the treatment regimens being used. All patients of childbearing potential must have a blood test or urine study within 14 days prior to randomization to rule out pregnancy. A patient of childbearing potential is defined as anyone, regardless of sexual orientation or whether they have undergone tubal ligation, who meets the following criteria: 1) has achieved menarche at some point, 2) has not undergone a hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy; or 3) has not been naturally postmenopausal (amenorrhea following cancer therapy does not rule out childbearing potential) for at least 24 consecutive months (i.e., has had menses at any time in the preceding 24 consecutive months)

Patient must not expect to conceive or father children by using accepted and effective method(s) of contraception or by abstaining from sexual intercourse during the treatment phase of the study and thereafter according to institutional guidelines

Patient must have the ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document. Patients with impaired decision-making capacity (IDMC) who have a legally authorized representative (LAR) or caregiver and/or family member available will also be considered eligible

Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1000/mcL (obtained ≤ 14 days prior to protocol randomization)

Platelets ≥ 75,000/mcL (obtained ≤ 14 days prior to protocol randomization)

Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN) (obtained ≤ 14 days prior to protocol randomization)

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)(serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT])/alanine aminotransferase (ALT)(serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase [SGPT]) ≤ 3.0 x institutional ULN (obtained ≤ 14 days prior to protocol randomization)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients on effective anti-retroviral therapy with undetectable viral load within 6 months of randomization are eligible for this trial

For patients with evidence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the HBV viral load must be undetectable on suppressive therapy, if indicated

Patients with a history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection must have been treated and cured. For patients with HCV infection who are currently on treatment, they are eligible if they have an undetectable HCV viral load

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:
I. To demonstrate improvement in progression free survival (PFS) in the autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) arm compared to the observation arm.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:
I. To assess difference in overall survival (OS) between the observation and autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) arm.
II. To evaluate the differences in study intervention benefit for PFS and OS by the randomization stratification factors (histology and choice of induction chemotherapy).
III. To evaluate the cumulative incidence of relapse and mortality between the observational and autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) arm.

EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVE:
I. To determine the impact of minimal residual disease (MRD) on the benefit of autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT).

OUTLINE: Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 arms.

ARM I: Patients receive standard of care observation on study. Patients also undergo blood sample collection and optional bone marrow aspiration and biopsy on study, and computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET)/CT throughout the study.

ARM II: Patients receive stem cell mobilization and then undergo leukapheresis per standard of care. Patients also receive high dose chemotherapy followed by ASCT per standard of care. Additionally, patients undergo blood sample collection and optional bone marrow aspiration and biopsy on study, and CT or PET/CT throughout the study.

After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up every 3 months for 2 years, every 6 months for 3 years, and then yearly for up to 7 years for a total of 12 years from the date of randomization.